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The coefficient of relationship is a measure of the degree of consanguinity (or biological relationship) between two individuals. A coefficient of inbreeding can be calculated for an individual, as a measure for the amount of pedigree collapse within that individual's genealogy. The term coefficient of relationship was defined by Sewall Wright in 1922, and was derived from his definition of the coefficient of inbreeding of 1921. The measure is most commonly used in genetics and genealogy. In general, the higher the level of inbreeding the closer the coefficient of relationship approaches a value of 1, expressed as a percentage,〔strictly speaking, r=1 for clones and identical twins, but since the definition of r is usually intended to estimate the suitability of two individuals for breeding, they are typically taken to be of opposite sex.〕 and approaches a value of 0 for individuals with arbitrarily remote common ancestors. ==Coefficient of inbreeding== The coefficient of inbreeding ("f") is a measure of the likelihood of genetic effects due to inbreeding to be expected based on a known pedigree (i.e. a fully documented genealogy e.g. due to a fixed system of breeding).〔"An inbreeding coefficient to be of most value should measure as directly as possible the effects to be expected on the average from the system of mating in the given pedigree." Wright (1922:331)〕 The measure expresses the expected percentage of homozygosity arising from a given system of breeding. For a given gene with equally common dominant and recessive variants ''A'' and ''a'', a random-bred stock will be 50% homozygous (25% ''AA'' and 25% ''aa''), while a closely inbred population will be 100% homozygous (100% ''AA'' or 100% ''aa''). The coefficient of inbreeding ''f'' is thus designed to run from 0 for an expected 50% homozygosis to 1 for an expected 100% homozygosis, ''f''=2''h''-1, where ''h'' is the chance of finding homozygosis in this gene. Note that ''f'' is an expectation value for an unspecified, hypothetical, perfectly Mendelian gene. Its definition holds regardless of whether the organism's genome actually contains such a gene. Therefore, the coefficient of inbreeding is a statistical value derived from the individual's pedigree and cannot be verified or "measured" exactly by looking at the individual's genome. The coefficient of relationship ("r") between two individuals B and C is obtained by a summation of coefficients calculated for every line by which they are connected to their common ancestors. Each such line connects the two individuals via a common ancestor, passing through no individual which is not a common ancestor more than once. A path coefficient between an ancestor A and an offspring O separated by ''n'' generations is given as: :''p''AO= 2−n⋅((1+''f''A)/(1+''f''O))½ where ''f''A and ''f''O are the coefficients of inbreeding for A and O, respectively. The coefficient of relationship ''r''BC is now obtained by summing over all path coefficients: : ''r''BC = Σ ''p''AB⋅''p''AC. By assuming that the pedigree can be traced back to a sufficiently remote population of perfectly random-bred stock (''f''A=0) the definition of ''r'' may be simplified to : ''r''BC = Σ''p'' 2−''L''(''p''), where ''p'' enumerates all paths connecting B and C with unique common ancestors (i.e. all paths terminate at a common ancestor and may not pass through a common ancestor to a common ancestor's ancestor), and L(p) is the length of the path ''p''. To given an (artificial) example: Assuming that two individuals share the same 32 ancestors of ''n''=5 generations ago, but do not have any common ancestors at four or fewer generations ago, their coefficient of relationship would be :''r'' = 2''n''⋅2−2''n'' = 2−''n'' which is, because n = 5, :r = 25•2-10 = 2-5 = 1/32 which is approximately 0.0313 or 3%. Individuals for which the same situation applies for their 1024 ancestors of ten generations ago would have a coefficient of ''r'' = 2−10 = 0.1%. If follows that the value of ''r'' can be given to an accuracy of a few percent if the family tree of both individuals is known for a depth of five generations, and to an accuracy of a tenth of a percent if the known depth is at least ten generations. The contribution to ''r'' from common ancestors of 20 generations ago (corresponding to roughly 500 years in human genealogy, or the contribution from common descent from a medieval population) falls below one part-per-million. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「coefficient of relationship」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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